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Jonathan Swift, born in 1677, was an Anglo-Irish author who is regarded as one of the great wits and remarkable satirists in the history of English literature. He was also Dean of Dublin Cathedral.
He wrote essays, poetry, pamphlets, and a novel. He often published anonymously or under pseudonyms, including Isaac Bickerstaff. Through his use of invented personas, his biting satire had free reign.

Swift grew up in Dublin and was educated at Kilkenny College and Dublin University, now Trinity College Dublin.

Today he is primarily famous for his novel, Gulliver’s Travels,which is often named among the best novels of all time. He is also admired for other publications, notably A Tale of a Tub (1704), An Argument Against Abolishing Christianity (1712), Gulliver’s Travels (1726), and A Modest Proposal (1729).

Swift is believed to have had a relationship with Esther Johnson, whom he called “Stella”. Whether or not she and Swift were secretly married, and if so why the marriage was kept secret, is a subject of debate. He is also believed to have had
a relationship with another woman, Vanessa Vanhomrigh.

Swift died in 1745 following a stroke.

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Alexandria is a city in Egypt, founded by Alexander the Great. The Knight was perhaps a member of the Knights Hospitaller, who besieged Alexandria along with the Cypriots in 1365. Or maybe he just picked a bad time to go sightseeing.

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A famous historical pub in Southwark. Sadly it’s not there any more – it was burnt down in 1669, then rebuilt, then demolished in 1873 – but there’s a helpful little plaque to tell you where it was:

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Southwark, in London. In Chaucer’s time this would have been a separate town from London itself, just a quick walk over the Thames, with an important market and a few good pubs where you could drink ale and tell long stories in pentametric couplets.

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Playwright, poet, rebel, spy–some critics claim Marlowe (1564-1593) would have been as good as his contemporary Shakespeare if he hadn’t died young in a bar brawl. Nowadays he’s best known for Doctor Faustus, and for making blank verse the default form for drama in the Early Modern period.

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A mysterious character whose glosses appeared alongside the first published edition of The Shepheardes Calender, E.K. has been variously identified as Spenser himself, his close friend Gabriel Harvey, and that guy who keeps writing anonymous harsh reviews of your poetry in the high school magazine. He’s one of the most badass critics of the 16th century, and had no qualms about playing fast and loose with the truth in some of his glosses.

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Since the siege and war at Troy came to an end,

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is a poem set in England, about Arthurian legend. So how come it’s starting with a reference to Troy?

The reason is that Arthurian legend kicks off with the writings of Geoffrey of Monmouth, a 12th century monk who wrote a dodgy but at the time widely-believed history of England. In Monmouth’s account, the first English monarch was a Trojan guy named Brutus, who sailed over after the Fall of Troy and killed all the giants who were living in England, setting himself up as the first English (human) ruler. Arthur (who, for the record, was also made up by Geoffrey) was one of his descendants.

Geoffrey of Monmouth’s book was massively influential, and contained an early version of the story of King Lear.

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The ninth track on the Streets' concept album *A Grand Don’t Come for Free, “What is He Thinking” tells the story of how Mike finds out that Simone’s been cheating on him.

Robert Christgau described this track as “Dodgy plotting–obscure bit with Simone’s coat leads to sad ending with a twist.” The long and short of it is that Dan was over at Simone’s place doing the dirty, had to go to Scott’s house afterwards, but borrowed Mike’s coat off Simone because it was raining, then left it at Scott’s house (presumably it stopped raining while he was there). Complicated, right.

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“Ich am of Irlaunde” is a medieval burden or refrain, probably composed some time in the 14th century. It’s written in Middle English, which means that it retains the Old English word for ‘I’, “Ich” (pronounced as though you have something stuck in your throat).

The Ireland of medieval times was different to the Ireland of today: for one thing, it was all one country (known as Gaelic Ireland) and hadn’t yet been conquered by the Brits, torn apart by civil unrest and reunited on the rugby pitch. Because the primary language in 14th century Ireland was Irish Gaelic, it’s difficult to tell whether or not this poem was actually written by an Irish person.

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“Ich am of Irlaunde” is an anonymous poem from the 14th century. It would probably have been sung as a refrain to a longer carol, with stanzas sung by a leader and responded to by the audience. W.B. Yeats, an Irishman himself, later adapted it as “I am of Ireland”.

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